In Russia, Chelyabinsk (Russian: Чeля́бинск, Bashkir: Силљбe, Romanized: Siläbe) is the capital and largest city of Chelyabinsk Oblast and is geographically located in Europe. It is the second largest city in the Ural Federal District, after Yekaterinburg, and has a population of over 1.1 million and an approximate area of 530 square kilometers (204.63 square miles), making it the seventh largest city in all of Russia. Chelyabinsk is situated next to the Miass River and south of the Ural Mountains. Chelyabinsk city is located on the European continent.
Quick Facts
 The location of the city of Chelyabinsk is in Europe. |
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Age: Approximately 289 years
Founded: 1736
Continent: Europe
Postal code(s): 454xxx
Area: 204.6 mi² (527 km²)
City Day: September 13
City status since: 1787
Dialing code(s): +7 351
Elevation: 220 m (720 ft)
Time Zone: UTC+5 (MSK+2)
- Chelyabinsk Province is situated on the border of Europe and Asia, with the city of Chelyabinsk located in Europe. It is located south of the Ural Mountains, where the traditional division between the two continents lies. The city of Chelyabinsk is situated in the eastern part of the province, behind the southern section of the Ural Mountains, and runs along the Miass River. The landmark in Sverdlovsk Oblast indicates that the majority of the Chelyabinsk region is in Europe, including the city itself. Additionally, Chelyabinsk is often referred to as the "Gateway to Siberia," signifying that anything east of the city is considered part of Siberia.
| Chelyabinsk
Челябинск | |
|---|---|
City Photo of Chelyabinsk with reflection of the landscape from the other side in the glass.  Chelyabinsk is located on both banks of the Miass River . In the background, from the ChMZ side, there is smog   Chelyabinsk Regional Museum of Local History on the Miass River, Chelyabinsk, Russia.   Europe: Tsentralnyy rayon, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinskaya oblast', Russia. | |
 Flag of the Chelyabinsk urban district. Flag | |
Coat of arms of Chelyabinsk  Coat of arms of Chelyabinsk. | |
The Ural Mountains:Also called: the Urals Russian: Uralskie Gory or Ural  | |
Obelisk  Located in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, north of Chelyabinsk, this landmark marks the border between Europe and Asia. | |
Location of Chelyabinsk    | |
| Coordinates | 55°09′17″N 61°22′33″E |
| Name of district | Ural Federal District |
| Continent | Europe |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Chelyabinsk Oblast |
| Founded | 1736 |
| City status since | 1787 |
| Government | |
| • Body | Council |
| • Head | Natalya Kotova (acting) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 530 km2 (200 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 220 m (720 ft) |
| Population
(2010 Census) | |
| • Total | 1,130,132 |
| • Estimate
(2018) |
1,202,371 (+6.4%) |
| • Rank | 9th in 2010 |
| • Density | 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi) |
| Administrative status | |
| • Subordinated to | City of Chelyabinsk |
| • Capital of | Chelyabinsk Oblast, City of Chelyabinsk |
| Municipal status | |
| • Urban okrug | Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug |
| • Capital of | Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (MSK+2) |
| Postal code(s) | 454xxx |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 351 |
| OKTMO ID | 75701000001 |
| City Day | September 13 |
| Website | www.cheladmin.ru |
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The city is situated on both sides of the Miass River (Tobol basin), on the eastern slope, behind the Ural Mountains, and on the geological border between the Urals and Siberia. The Chelyabinsk region was home to the ancient Sintashta civilization hamlet of Arkaim. Built in 1736, the Chelyaba stronghold was situated near a Bashkir settlement. Chelyabinsk became a town by 1787. Due to the construction of railroad connections, such the Trans-Siberian Railway, between the Russian heartland and Siberia, Chelyabinsk was rapidly growing by the early 20th century. Its population reached 70,000 by 1917. Under the Soviet Union, Chelyabinsk became a major industrial center in the 1930s. The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was built in 1933. During World War II, the city played a major role in the manufacture of tanks and ammunition. Chelyabinsk became one of the biggest industrial hubs in the USSR as a result of the active development of industrial companies during the first five-year plans and the subsequent factory evacuation during the Great Patriotic War.
In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of industries in the city ceased to exist due to the difficult economic situation, which led to the fact that as of the 2020s, Chelyabinsk is experiencing difficulties in the areas of ecology, in economic and economic spheres, in urban improvement.
In Chelyabinsk, one of the largest industrial hubs in the Urals, the industrial sector—in particular, heavy industries like metallurgy and military manufacturing—contributes around 40% of the city's gross municipal product. It is home to two major educational institutions: Chelyabinsk State University and South Ural State University.
Flag of Chelyabinsk
| Flag of the Chelyabinsk urban district | |
|---|---|
| | |
| Subject | Chelyabinsk |
| Region | Chelyabinsk region |
| Country | Russia |
| Approved | May 28, 2002 |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Number in the State Register | 968 |
| Authorship | |
| The idea of the flag | V. Bozhe, A. Ivanov, K. F. Mochenov |
| Artist | R. I. Malanichev |
| Justification of
the symbolism |
G. A. Tunik |
The flag of the Chelyabinsk urban district serves as the official emblem for the urban district of Chelyabinsk, located in the Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation. It was officially adopted on May 28, 2002.
Description
The flag of Chelyabinsk is a rectangular banner with a width-to-length ratio of 2:3, featuring three horizontal stripes of varying sizes. The upper stripe is yellow and occupies one-quarter of the flag's height, the middle stripe is silver and constitutes half of the flag, while the lower stripe is green, also taking up one-quarter of the flag's height. Centrally positioned on the flag is an illustration of a yellow laden camel, which is derived from the city's coat of arms.
Justification of the symbolism
The flag of the city of Chelyabinsk, composed on the basis of the coat of arms of the city of Chelyabinsk, reflects historical, cultural, socio-economic, national and other local traditions. The main heraldic figure of the flag is a loaded yellow (golden) camel , a sign that important trade routes passed through the territory of modern Chelyabinsk: “... they bring quite a few of them with goods to this whole city.”
Yellow color (gold) is a symbol of strength, greatness, wealth, intelligence, generosity.
The silver part of the flag allegorically indicates that Chelyabinsk, founded in 1736 on the Miass River as a Cossack guard fortress, has always been an important trade, economic, and defense center of Russia, and today it is the center of one of the subjects of the Russian Federation - the Chelyabinsk Region.
The silver color in heraldry symbolizes faith, purity, sincerity, candor, nobility, frankness and innocence.
The green part of the flag complements the symbolism of the flag and symbolically reflects the rich picturesque nature surrounding the city of Chelyabinsk.
Green color is a symbol of spring, joy, hope, nature.
Coat of arms of Chelyabinsk
| Coat of arms of Chelyabinsk | |
|---|---|
| | |
| Details | |
| Approved | September 12 , 2000 |
| Number in the State Register | 688 |
The coat of arms representing the Chelyabinsk urban district serves as the official emblem for the city of Chelyabinsk, located in the Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation. It was officially sanctioned on September 12, 2000, and is recorded in the State Heraldic Register under the designation No. 688.
Description and justification of symbols
The heraldic description ( blazon ) reads:
In a walled-in, with a shadowy battlemented dome, silver field on the green earth, a loaded golden camel
The silver shield of the coat of arms symbolizes purity of thoughts, protection and prudence. The shield depicts part of the wall of the Russian fortress Chelyaba, founded on September 13, 1736. Near the fortress wall there is a golden loaded camel, facing heraldically to the right. Gold is a symbol of strength, greatness, wealth, intelligence, generosity. The camel is placed on the coat of arms of Chelyabinsk as a sign that the city is rich in goods and its development depends on success in trade, this is also indicated by the green field, a symbol of hope and abundance.
Story
The coat of arms of the city received official approval in 1782. In contrast to the present design, it featured an upper section that displayed the emblems of the Ufa Viceroyalty at that time. A revised version emerged in 1839, which incorporated the coat of arms of the Orenburg Governorate in its upper section; however, this iteration did not gain widespread acceptance. In 1864, further modifications were made to the coat of arms. The design was altered to include three camels instead of one, and the coat of arms of the Orenburg province was positioned in the vacant area. The silver shield adorned with camels was surmounted by a crown and flanked by golden ears of corn, which were bound together with the Alexander ribbon.
Subsequent alterations occurred during the Soviet era, during which the shield's color transitioned from silver to red. The central figure shifted from a camel to a steel ladle, an open book, and a gear. In 1994, the city administration opted to revert to the original design of the Chelyabinsk coat of arms. The contemporary coat of arms of Chelyabinsk is a stylized interpretation of its historical predecessor.
History
Ancient Sintashta civilization
Archaeologists have discovered the remnants of the ancient settlement of Arkaim in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk. The artifacts and ruins discovered at Arkaim and other neighboring sites demonstrate that the area has been home to a relatively advanced civilization of proto-Indo-Iranian origin from the second millennium BC.
The Arkaim site, located in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area, was known by Russian archaeologists for at least 70 years, however, it was mostly ignored by non-Russian anthropological circles. The borders of the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area run along the eastern Urals of the Eurasian steppe to about 400 km (249 mi) south of Chelyabinsk and to the east for about 200 km (124 mi). 23 archaeological sites are recognized as being part of this area.
The sites are shaped like towns and are grouped in square, round, or oval shapes. While most of the sites have been discovered by aerial photography, just two, Arkaim and Sintashta, have been extensively excavated. These locations stand out due to their fortification, linked homes, and copious amounts of metallurgical evidence.
The people of the Sintashta culture are thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian, the ancestor of the Indo-Iranian language family. This identification is based primarily on similarities between their language in comparison to sections of the Rigveda, and based on funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture, as revealed by archaeological studies in the area.
Modern Russian history
At the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby (Bashkir: Cилəбe, Siläbe), Colonel Alexey (Kutlu-Muhammed) Tevkelev built the castle of Chelyaba, which is the city's name, in 1736 to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible Bashkir bandit raids. During Pugachev's Rebellion in 1774, the fortress fought off a siege by the rebel forces, but it was eventually captured for a few months in 1775. In 1782, Chelyabinsk became a seat of the Ufa Viceroyalty, which subsequently underwent restructuring to become the Governorate of Orenburg. In 1787, the Chelyabinsk government made the city a town.
Until the late 19th century, Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town. In 1892, the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed, which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia. Also in 1892, construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway started from Chelyabinsk, and in 1896, the city was linked to Ekaterinburg. Chelyabinsk then became the main hub for travel to Siberia. For fifteen years, more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russia's population at the time - passed through Chelyabinsk. Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk, which contributed to its rapid growth. In addition, a so-called “customs fracture” was created in Chelyabinsk, which imposed duties on the shipment of goods between the European and the Siberian parts of Russia, which led to the emergence of mills and notably, a tea-packing factory. As a result, Chelyabinsk became a major trade center. Its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897, 45,000 by 1913, and 70,000 by 1917. Because of its rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century, similar to that of midwestern American cities, Chelyabinsk was sometimes called "the Chicago of the Urals".
In the 1930s, Chelyabinsk's industrial sector grew quickly during the first five-year plans. Many important factories, including as the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, were built during this time. As part of a mass exodus from western controlled areas, Joseph Stalin decided to evacuate a significant amount of Soviet industry to places out of the reach of the German military's advance. Chelyabinsk gained thousands of people and new businesses as a result, including factories that produced Katyusha rocket launchers and T-34 tanks. During World War II, the city's industries produced 18,000 tanks and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition. During that time Chelyabinsk was informally called “Tankograd” (English: “Tank City”). During World War II, the S.M. Kirov Factory no. 185 or “OKMO” was moved to Chelyabinsk from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks, although it was transferred to Omsk after 1962.
Chelyabinsk meteor
Chelyabinsk meteor
| Chelyabinsk meteor | ||
|---|---|---|
| Date | February 15, 2013 | |
| Time | 09:20 a.m. ( local time ) | |
| Cause | Fireball flyby | |
| Place | Chelyabinsk , Russia | |
| Coordinates | 55° 9′ 0″ N, 61° 24′ 36″ E | |
| Wounded | 1491 | |
| Location map | ||
| Lake Chebarkul
Chelyabinsk was the town that was affected by the destruction caused by the explosion of the fireball and Chebarkul, the lake where the fragments supposedly fell. | ||
The Chelyabinsk meteor was a meteoric event that occurred on the morning of 15 February 2013 in the city of the same name , located in Russia , in the southern Urals , at approximately 09:20 local time (03:15 UTC ).
The meteoroid flew over several provinces and the city of Chelyabinsk upon entering the Earth's atmosphere , impacting 80 km from the city. Between 4,000 and 6,000 kg of meteorites reached the ground , including a fragment weighing about 650 kg that was later recovered from Lake Chebarkul .
The bolide released an energy of 500 kilotons, thirty times greater than the Hiroshima nuclear bomb, and exploded at approximately 20,000 m altitude. It followed an orbit that brought it close to the Sun , at a distance similar to that of Venus to the Sun and moving away to the asteroid belt .
It is also claimed that the parent asteroid once collided with another object or came too close to the Sun before passing through Earth's atmosphere as a fireball.
Most of the energy was released between 5 and 15 km (3.1 and 9.3 mi) altitude, making this event peculiar; although objects like this fall several times a year, they usually burn up at higher altitudes (30–50 km) after entering the atmosphere. One of the most popular precedents is the Tunguska meteor of 1908, during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II , in Imperial Russia , 105 years earlier.
The meteoroid
NASA , using data from several infrasound stations that are part of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization ( CTT), estimates that the object would be approximately 17 m high by 15 m wide, with a mass of 10,000 tons at the time of its entry into the atmosphere , doing so at a speed of 18.6 km/s (64,800 km/h), disintegrating 32.5 seconds after said entry.
The explosion caused by the meteor released an energy of 500 kilotons. The origin of the meteoroid was found by researchers at the University of Antioquia in Medellín , Colombia ; It came from the asteroid belt of our solar system, belonging to the Apollo group, located between Mars and Jupiter .
Research reveals that the meteoroid was a chondrite rock , with an estimated age of 4.452 billion years. The sound impact of this bolide was so powerful that its waves were recorded globally, having even reached the continent of Antarctica , [ km from Russia .
Consequences
In terms of material and personal damage, the media reported about 1,491 injured people (of whom more than 100 had to be taken to hospital), most of them due to the shock wave produced by the explosion resulting from the breaking of the sound barrier, which caused the shattering of windows, glass and material damage to buildings. According to the spokesman for the Ministry of the Interior , no one was seriously injured. Furthermore, the RIA Novosti agency reported that some officers witnessed a gigantic explosion at 10,000 m.
More than 700 people sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast , 159 of whom were children. Health officials stated that 112 people had been hospitalized, and according to later statements from the authorities, two people were in serious condition. Most of the people were injured by broken glass, as previously mentioned.
Several residents of Chelyabinsk , Sverdlovsk , and Orenburg provinces (as well as neighboring Kazakhstani regions) witnessed the bright flash of the flaming objects in the sky. The event attracted the attention of video amateurs who recorded the path of the fireball and the ensuing explosion. Following the explosion, twenty children at a school and a kindergarten were injured by broken glass at the former and a fire at the latter broke out at 9:20 local time. The Associated Press reported to the Interior Ministry that 600 m² of wall and terrace at a zinc factory were destroyed. The sound wave also affected the Aktobe province in Kazakhstan .
The event has been defined as an airburst, an explosion of a meteoroid during its passage through the atmosphere. Bogdanov, head of the Central Military District, formed task forces that were sent to the impact areas to search for meteorite fragments and monitor the situation. Fragments measuring 5 mm to 1 cm were found one kilometer from Lake Chebarkul .
Residents of Chelyabinsk covered the windows of their houses with any available material to protect against temperatures as low as -15 °C, typical of the Russian winter.
Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yuryevich stated that preserving the city's central heating system was the authorities' top priority in the aftermath. Governor Yuryevich estimated that work to repair the damage caused by the storm would cost over 1 billion rubles (approximately $33 million). Other Chelyabinsk officials reported, for example, that the cost of replacing apartment glass windows (but not balconies) would be paid by the state.
Media impact
The event immediately received widespread coverage in national and international media, becoming a topic of great urgency and popularity. The fall of the meteor produced strong explosions and, according to witnesses interviewed by Echo of Moscow radio, they initially believed it had been a plane crash in flight.
The moment some citizens experienced the impact of the meteor was captured on security cameras in some locations; similarly, many media outlets recalled the 1908 Tunguska event as proof of Earth's vulnerability. Other media outlets erroneously reported that a meteor shower had occurred over the Ural Mountains.
Russia Today reported that the meteoroid had been intercepted by the Urzhumka air defense system, disintegrating and falling on the affected cities. As a result, the largest fragment of the meteoroid, the size of which has not been disclosed, fell on Chelyabinsk. This report was later denied.
Witnesses were already filming the bolide's wake when they were caught in the shock wave. Fifteen hours after the main videos were uploaded, they had over 7,700,000 views.
Reactions
Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev confirmed the news of the impact, stating that it was "proof of the planet's vulnerability" and that it "needs to protect itself from future events." Colonel General Nikolai Bogdanov, head of the Central Military District, formed working groups that were sent to the impact areas to search for meteorite fragments and monitor the situation. Fragments measuring 5 mm to 1 cm were found one kilometer from Lake Chebarkul .
Russian nationalist leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky mistakenly claimed that the fireball was actually a US attack . "It wasn't meteorites that fell, it was the Americans testing a new weapon. John Kerry wanted to warn Sergei Lavrov about this on Monday , but he was away," he said.
Context
The event coincided with the approach to Earth of the asteroid (367943) Duende , whose close pass was expected sixteen hours after the explosion occurred. However, there is no relationship between the two events. The possibility that the object that fell in Chelyabinsk was a small companion to asteroid (367943) Duende is ruled out. The closeness in time of the two events is a mere coincidence.
The asteroid ultimately passed within 27,860 km of Earth without incident. It was the largest space object to pass so close to Earth that we know of.
Documentaries
On Sunday, February 24 , the first documentary, titled Special: Meteorite in Russia , premiered on the Discovery Channel , an hour-long program investigating this event.
Olympics
Months later, the Olympic torch passed through the city of Chelyabinsk . For the 2014 Sochi Olympics , some of the meteorites found were used and inserted into seven Olympic gold medals, to be awarded to the winners on February 15, the first anniversary of the impact. The medals were in alpine skiing (women's super-G), cross-country skiing (women's 4 × 5 km relay), ski jumping (men's individual long jump), skeleton (men), speed skating (men's 1500 m) and short track speed skating (women's 1500 m and men's 1000 m).
Administrative and municipal status
Administrative divisions of Chelyabinsk.
Building of the Legislative Assembly of the Chelyabinsk Region.
The administrative center of the Chelyabinsk Oblast is the Legislative Assembly building. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk, an administrative entity with the same status as the oblast's districts. As a municipal division, the City of Chelyabinsk is established as Chelyabinsk Urban Okrug. In June 2014, Chelyabinsk granted civil status to its seven city districts.
| No. | District | Population as of 2018 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kalininsky | 224,391 |
| 2 | Kurchatovsky | 223,566 |
| 3 | Leninsky | 191,288 |
| 4 | Metallurgichesky | 138,156 |
| 5 | Sovetsky | 137,533 |
| 6 | Traktorozavodsky | 183,909 |
| 7 | Tsentral'ny | 100,015 |
Geography
Chelyabinsk is located behind the south part of the Ural Mountains 200 kilometers (124 mi) south of Yekaterinburg.
Satellite image of Chelyabinsk
Sverdlovsk Oblast obelisk border, divides Russia and Siberia, or Europe and Siberia (Asia). Based on the Sverdlovsk Oblast border, most of Chelyabinsk oblast is located in Europe. Furthermore, this positions Chelyabinsk geographically within Europe.
Urban layout
Along Bazhova Street, a brand-new boulevard
With time, Chelyabinsk developed into a stronghold. The first streets developed as early as September 1736, after the stronghold on the right (southern) bank of the Miass River was constructed. No houses were built inside the fortress itself; instead, people lived in the neighboring town, which was surrounded by a wall for protection. The first roadway was established between the northern wall of the citadel and the Miass River. Part of it is already in view in the foreground of the Chelyabinsk Fortress, as it was included in the report of Colonel A.I. Tevkelev to V.N. Tatishchev on September 10, 1736. Since it crossed into the Siberian tract going to Tobolsk outside of Chelyabinsk, it soon earned the moniker Sibirskaya (now Truda Street). Apparently, there were also other names: in a number of sources it is called Bolshaya Beregovaya, as mentioned in a document dated March 10, 1753[28] The western end of the street in the last years of the 18th century acquired an independent name - on the pasture near the outskirts of the Ivanovo fair appeared. Apparently, according to it, this part of the street began to be called Sibirskaya-Ivanovskaya (as it is called in the list of 1795). Then, already in the 19th century, it was a little later upstream and downstream of the Miass (that is, west and east of the fortress). Perpendicular to the river, several more streets were planned. At first, there were four of them - two each on the western and eastern sides. The first street to the east got its name from the first Chelyabinsk church, consecrated in 1739 in honor of Nicholas the Wonderworker - Nikolaevskaya street (nowadays Sovetskaya).It headed west toward the fortress and the church and was one-sided. The construction of administrative buildings started here after the Chelyabinsk fortress was designated as the provincial center of Isetskaya in1743. Another street was created between Nikolaevskaya Street and the church square, ending in the south with the Orenburg Gate and continuing beyond the then-city limit by the Orenburgskaya road (now Tsvillinga Street) to Orenburg. In 1787, there were only four courtyards counted on Orenburgskaya Street. By 1795, the street was referred to as Khristorozhdestvenskaya and had eleven courtyards. In the 18th and first half of the 19th century, Khristorozhdestvenskaya Street was the main street in the city, it was the place where its social and business life was concentrated. The urban planning on the territory of the historical center of Chelyabinsk almost without changes coincides with the plan of Chelyabinsk in 1838. The Chelyabinsk fortress was built in the center of this territory in 1736.[30] The plan of 1784 was supposed to streamline not only the layout of the city but the development and maintenance of quarters. Along with the city center, a district center and a second city square are being laid in the riverside part. The plans of 1768 and 1784 were not carried out, though the existing Troitskaya Square, Truda Street, and Tsvilinga Street are historical traces remained of them.The land surveyor Sidorov created a new layout for the city in 1838. It served as the catalyst for the city's subsequent growth in many respects.By 1934, during the Soviet period and the mass industrialization, about 250 thousand people lived in the city. Large-scale urban planning tasks necessitated the development of the first master plan of the city, executed under the guidance of the architect N. G. Eismont in 1936 (Leningrad branch of Giprogor, architects N. G. Berlinerblau, S. M. Gotlib, N. V. Gromov, K. M. Zaichenko and A. M. Suborov). The estimated population according to the general plan of 1936 was to reach 550 thousand people. The city developed around the historical core, including by cutting down the island birch forest, in the planning of the central part, a rectangular grid of streets was preserved, but with the enlargement of quarters. The Metallurgichesky, Traktorozavodsky, and Leninsky districts were built and developed with heavy industry. Along with the city center, the centers of 5 administrative districts were planned, and interconnected by a system of transport highways. The main street - Spartak Street (now Lenin Avenue) - appears as a link between the Traktorozavodsky district, Revolution Square, and the future ensemble of the pre-park square.The main square of the city was connected to the Zarechye square system by the historically constructed streets of Kirov and Zwilling. For the first time, the idea of building a sizable reservoir on the Miass River (Shershnevskoye Reservoir) was brought up in the 1936 master plan, which called for the development of urban recreation areas based on Shershnevsky Bor and Lake Smolino.The war prevented the implementation of the master plan in full. The Chelyabinsk industrial complex has become a deep rear defense base of the country. The relocation of 60 industrial enterprises from the center of the country, and the evacuation of the population were accompanied by mass construction of isolated villages from barracks and dugouts in free territories. At the same time, the urban area has grown significantly. The need to streamline the development of the post-war city is one of the driving reasons for the development of a new master plan, carried out in 1947 under the leadership of D. D. Bagarin (Lengiprogor, architects A. Slonimsky, L. Vertousov, engineers J. Rotenberg, I. Benevich and others). The second general plan is designed for a city with a population of more than 700 thousand people (in 1946, 450 thousand people lived in the city). Chelyabinsk was considered a center of energy-intensive production, so the main attention was paid to the formation of 4 industrial hubs based on the capacities of existing enterprises.[32] The main architectural and planning idea was the unification of disparate parts of the city into a single organism - was transferred from the general plan of the pre-war period. Along with the territory of the districts that had reserves for development (Traktorozavodsky - towards Lake First, Metallurgical - with partial use of the territory of Kashtaksky Bor, Leninsky - to Lake Smolino), new sites for promising construction were envisaged (North-West and Churilovo). The issues of transport construction were actively resolved: the creation of a bypass ring highway connecting the city districts, the routing of the main highways from east to west (Pobedy Avenue, Khudyakov - Dzerzhinsky) and from north to south ("Meridian" and Tchaikovsky Street) with access to the main roads beyond outside the city. In 1951, the master plan was adjusted in terms of the number of floors of the building: the share of multi-story (up to 5 floors) buildings increased by reducing the share of 2-story and estate buildings to 25%.The third master plan of the city (1967) was developed by a team of authors from the Chelyabinskgrazhdanproekt Institute. The city had a population of 857,000. The main architectural and planning idea was the active inclusion in the composition of the city of Shershnevsky and Kashtak forests, the Shershnevsky reservoir, and the Miass River. Building on the free territories of the northwestern residential area, designed for a population of up to 300 thousand people, as a new direction for the development of the city, proposed by the master plan, has been carried out since the late 60s. The construction of additional complexes along Tchaikovsky Street, at the curve of the river next to Garden Island, and at the three-beam center of the northwest enhanced the center's historically polycentric structure. The 1967 master plan proposed for the construction of new main streets, a ring road, and bridges and overpasses to relieve transit traffic from the city core. In 1990 and 2021, two new city plans were adopted.
Temperature
The city has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) similar to the Canadian prairies, albeit being further north. The average temperature in January is significantly below the freezing mark, at −14.9 °C (5.2 °F). Some moderation is suggested by the yearly average, which is 3 °C (37.4 °F), a few degrees over the freezing point. The average temperature in July is a rather cold 19 °C (66.2 °F). Claims state that the range of extremes approaches 70 °C, or 130 °F, which is typical of a climate in the mid-latitudes of a large continent. There is less precipitation in the winter and more in the summer. The month of July experiences the most, with an average 87 millimeters or 3.43 inches of precipitation, while January, the driest month, experiences 15 millimetres or 0.59 inches. Total precipitation reaches an average of 429 millimeters or 16.89 inches annually, consistent with the city's semi-arid influence. On average, 119 days of the year experience precipitation.
| Climate data for Chelyabinsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.9
(40.8) |
5.6
(42.1) |
19.9
(67.8) |
34.9
(94.8) |
39.9
(103.8) |
39.9
(103.8) |
39.9
(103.8) |
39.9
(103.8) |
34.9
(94.8) |
24.9
(76.8) |
14.9
(58.8) |
9.9
(49.8) |
39.9
(103.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −10.5
(13.1) |
−7.9
(17.8) |
1.0
(33.8) |
10.6
(51.1) |
20.3
(68.5) |
24.0
(75.2) |
25.2
(77.4) |
23.6
(74.5) |
17.2
(63.0) |
9.3
(48.7) |
−0.4
(31.3) |
−6.9
(19.6) |
8.8
(47.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −14.9
(5.2) |
−13.4
(7.9) |
−4.8
(23.4) |
4.7
(40.5) |
12.1
(53.8) |
18.3
(64.9) |
19.3
(66.7) |
17.1
(62.8) |
10.9
(51.6) |
4.1
(39.4) |
−5.2
(22.6) |
−11.1
(12.0) |
3.0
(37.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −19.0
(−2.2) |
−18.9
(−2.0) |
−9.3
(15.3) |
−0.3
(31.5) |
7.9
(46.2) |
12.9
(55.2) |
14.5
(58.1) |
13.5
(56.3) |
7.6
(45.7) |
1.3
(34.3) |
−5.9
(21.4) |
−14.6
(5.7) |
−0.9
(30.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.9
(−57.8) |
−44.9
(−48.8) |
−44.9
(−48.8) |
−29.9
(−21.8) |
−19.9
(−3.8) |
−4.9
(23.2) |
0.1
(32.2) |
0.1
(32.2) |
−9.9
(14.2) |
−24.9
(−12.8) |
−39.9
(−39.8) |
−44.9
(−48.8) |
−49.9
(−57.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17
(0.7) |
16
(0.6) |
19
(0.7) |
27
(1.1) |
47
(1.9) |
55
(2.2) |
87
(3.4) |
44
(1.7) |
41
(1.6) |
30
(1.2) |
26
(1.0) |
21
(0.8) |
430
(16.9) |
| Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.3 | 4 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 114 |
| Average snowy days | 18 | 16 | 15 | 6 | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 15 | 19 | 97 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 77 | 76 | 66 | 61 | 64 | 69 | 71 | 73 | 73 | 82 | 83 | 73 |
External Relations
Visa offices for Italy, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Greece are located in the city.
Chelyabinsk has 6 foreign sister cities and 3 Russian partner cities :
- Columbia , USA ( since 1995 );
- Nottinghamshire , UK ( since 2000 );
- Ramla , Israel ( since 2000 );
- Kazan , Russia ( since 2002 );
- Omsk , Russia ( since 2002 );
- Ufa , Russia ( since 1999 )
Population
The ethnic composition of the city's known population (1,082,269) at the time of the official 2020 Census was
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 936,457 | 86.5% |
| Tatars | 54,400 | 5.0% |
| Bashkirs | 33,716 | 3.1% |
| Ukrainians | 15,638 | 1.4% |
| Others | 42,058 | 3.9% |
Design
Throughout its history, Chelyabinsk's architecture has been impacted by the passing of Russian historical periods. Before the 1917 Russian Revolution, the city was a commercial center. The city still has a large number of merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with aspects of Russian Revival architecture, some of which are on Kirovka Street, which is only accessible by foot. In the late 1920s, Chelyabinsk started to industrialize. Alongside the construction of the massive plants came the new constructivist-styled residential and public buildings (such as the city's main post office). The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant neighborhood contains entire constructivist neighborhoods.
In the late 1930s, a new era began in the city, with large-scale construction of Stalinist architecture. Many of the buildings in and around the city center and central avenue are constructed in this style.
As the city's population grew to around a million people during the following sixty years, many residential high-rise structures were built in a sizable residential neighborhood known as "Severo-Zapad" (English: North-West). huge office buildings and upscale shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles were designed and built in huge quantities as a result of the market reforms of the 1990s.
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Square on the Scarlet Field.
Chelyabinsk Trade Center
Views of Chelyabinsk, Trinity Church, the TDK Building, Ryabanin House, the Fortum power plant, and the Trade Center are seen from top to left.
Coordinates: 55°10′23.16″N 61°23′33.16″E
Chelyabinsk Trade Center (Russian: Челябинский Торговый центр) is a structure located along the embankment of the Miass River in Chelyabinsk, Russia, which was constructed in 1975. The silhouette of the Trade Center has become one of the city's iconic symbols.
The main square building, with each side measuring 102 meters, is topped with a dome that is solely supported by columns at its edges. This dome is composed of 1500 reinforced concrete shells, which are secured together with metal cables. The total weight of the dome exceeds 5000 tons. The piers at the edge of the dome are designed to move, enabling the entire structure to "breathe" (expand or contract) in response to external temperature variations (temperatures in Chelyabinsk can drop to as low as –40 °C in winter and rise to +40 °C in summer). The design of the Trade Center, created by the Leningrad Project Institute Number One, garnered favorable reviews during exhibitions held in Moscow, London, and New York from 1974 to 1978.
Currently, the Trade Center houses several mid-sized retail outlets that sell food and electronic devices, while a significant portion of the space is occupied by smaller shops offering clothing, DIY supplies, home appliances, and more. The total area for retail and warehouse purposes is 18000 m2.
A metro station sharing the same name is under construction in proximity to the Trade Center.
Parks and gardens
Park Imeni Yuriya Gagarina. Address: Ulitsa Truda, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, 454091
There are seventeen public parks in Chelyabinsk. The biggest is the Park Gagarin Central Located in: Chelyabinskiy Gorodskoy Bor in the Departments: Detskiy Park . Large tracts of rocky and wooded terrain, bordered by a number of now-flooded, abandoned quarries, make up its territory.
Education
The main building of the South Ural State University.
Chelyabinsk is home to more than a dozen universities. The Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University was established in 1934, succeeding the oldest, the Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy, which was established in 1930. Chelyabinsk State University, South Ural State University of Arts, South Ural State University, and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy are a few of the major universities. Following World War II, Chelyabinsk emerged as the region's principal hub for vocational training throughout the Ural.
Economy
Chelyabenergo Administration Building
Chelyabinsk is one of Russia's main industrial centers. Heavy industries, especially metallurgy and military manufacture, predominate in the area. The mining corporation Mechel owns the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate (CMK, ChMK), one such industry. Other important industries include Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (CTZ, ChTZ), Chelyabinsk Electrode Plant (ChEZ), Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant (ChKPZ), which makes machine parts, Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant (ChMZ), which makes cranes, and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant (ChTPZ), which is one of Russia's "Big Eight" pipe manufacturers and makes large-diameter pipes for pipelines. The Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company owns the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, which provides more than 60% of Russia's zinc supply and roughly 2% of the global supply. . Kolyuschenko Road Machinery Plant produces construction machinery and dump trucks for the American manufacturer Terex. Molnija Watch Factory produces pocket watches, as well as technical watches for use in aircraft and ships. In 1980, Molnija watches were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games. The agro-industrial company Makfa, the largest producer of pasta in Russia, and one of the five largest producers in the world, is based in Chelyabinsk. The largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia, Unichel Footwear Firm, owns a factory in Chelyabinsk. The agricultural company Ariant, which is based in Chelyabinsk, is the top producer of meat and beverage goods in the Russian Urals Federal District. The American company Emerson Electric owns a factory that produces industrial equipment and a portion of the local business Metran.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Chelyabinsk has had a significant role in other sectors of the Russian economy, hosting insurance firms, logistics centers, tourism, And important regional banking firms, such as Chelindbank and Chelyabinvestbank.
Numerous sizable shopping centers are present. The largest of them are Rodnik (English: Spring), which was constructed in 2011 and has an area of 135,000 square meters (1,450,000 sq ft), and Gorky (English: Hills), which was constructed in 2007 and has an area of 55,000 square meters (590,000 sq ft). At least two more, Almaz (English: Diamond) and Cloud, are being built. They are scheduled to be completed in 2015 and 2018, respectively, and have planned areas of 220,000 and 350,000 square meters (2,400,000 and 3,800,000 square feet).
Transportation
The bus, tram, and trolleybus networks in Chelyabinsk have been in operation since 1925, 1932, and 1942, respectively, and there are also private marshrutka (routed taxi) services. The city is home to a large number of taxi firms.
Electric buses, or trolleybuses equipped with electricity, started operating in Chelyabinsk in 2014.
A deal to offer free internet to passengers was signed in 2011 by Beeline, a telecom company, and Chelyabinsk City Transport. In certain Chelyabinsk public trolleybuses and trams, Wi-Fi is currently available.
Chelyabinsk started the construction of a three-line subway network in 1992.
International terminal of Balandino airport named after I.V. Kurchatov
The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport.
Sports
| Club | Sport | Founded | Current League | League
Rank |
Stadium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traktor Chelyabinsk | Ice Hockey | 1947 | Kontinental Hockey League | 1st | Traktor Arena |
| Chelmet Chelyabinsk | Ice Hockey | 1948 | Higher Hockey League | 2nd | Yunost Sports Palace |
| Belye Medvedi Chelyabinsk | Ice Hockey | 2009 | Junior Hockey League | Jr. 1st | Traktor Arena |
| FC Chelyabinsk | Football | 1977 | Russian Second Division | 3rd | Central Stadium |
| Sintur Chelyabinsk | Futsal | 1997 | Futsal Supreme League | 2nd | USURT Sports Complex |
| Dynamo-Metar Chelyabinsk | Volleyball | 1972 | Women's Volleyball Superleague | 1st | Metar-Sport Sports Palace |
| Dynamo Chelyabinsk | Volleyball | 1986 | Men's Volleyball Supreme League | 2nd | Metar-Sport Sports Palace |
Several important sporting events, especially in the martial arts, have recently taken place in Chelyabinsk. These competitions include the World Taekwondo Championship in 2015, the European Judo Championship in 2012, and the World Judo Championship in 2014. In 2015, Chelyabinsk also hosted the European Speed Skating Championships. Magnitogorsk, a nearby city, and Chelyabinsk hosted the 2018 IIHF World U18 Championship.
Culture
Among the various libraries in the city is the Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library, which is the biggest public library in the Chelyabinsk Oblast. The library has more than 2 million books, including more than 12,000 rare works from the 17th to the 19th century.
The State Philharmonic's Rodina Hall of Organ and Chamber Music and the P. A. Stolypin monument
Chelyabinsk is home to several theatres. The Chelyabinsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, also known as the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre, was built in 1936–55 on the site of the former Nativity Cathedral, which existed from 1748 to 1932. The opening of the theatre eventually took place on September 29, 1956, with a production of Alexander Borodin's "Prince Igor".[47] Others include the Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theatre, Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater, Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater, Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre, Mannequin Theater, Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre, and Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre.
There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk. The Chelyabinsk Regional Museum was founded in 1913 and currently has about 300,000 exhibits. The "Land of Cities" exhibit, which examines Arkaim's settlement in the second and third millennia BCE, the largest fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteor, which weighs 570 kg (1,260 lb), intricate blades from the 19th and 20th centuries' Zlatoust arms factory, displays of Kasli artistic cast iron, and much more are among the noteworthy exhibits. The Chelyabinsk Regional Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works in its collection. From the Middle Ages to the present, the museum's collections include works of Russian, European, and worldwide art. The museum houses early printed books and manuscripts as well as sizable collections of religious icons spanning the 16th to the 20th centuries. Hosted by the Southern Ural Railway Museum of History more than 30 exhibits of equipment used on the railway after its opening in Chelyabinsk in 1892.
The Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory was founded in 2007. It has 16 exhibits, including models of T-34 and IS-3 tanks, along with Katyusha rocket launchers produced in Chelyabinsk during World War II.
In addition, the city is home to the Chelyabinsk Regional Geological Museum, the Malgobekskii Museum of Military and Labor Glory, the Chelyabinsk Postal Service Museum, and the Entertaining Sciences Museum Eksperimentus.
The Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the heart of Chelyabinsk. This 30-hectare (75-acre) area is home to around 110 animal species, more than 80 of which are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. The zoo participates in global conservation programs for endangered animals, including far-eastern leopards, amur (Siberian) tigers, and polar bears. The zoo regularly hosts exhibitions, talks, celebrations, and sightseeing trips.
Other cultural attractions include the Chelyabinsk State Circus, the Chelyabinsk State Philharmonic Concert Hall named after Sergei Prokofiev, and Organ and Chamber Music Hall Rodina.
Chelyabinsk is home to several churches built from the 19th to 21st centuries.
References
- Geography of Chelyabinsk Oblast (In Spanish)
- Russia At a Glance. Chelyabinsk
- Chelyabinsk is in which continent?
- Где находится Челябинск?
- Chelyabinsk
- Sunrise and Sunset in Chelyabinsk
- "Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013" - Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (1 March 2013).
- Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
- Челябинск - История, флаг, население, карта и данные
- Челябинская область - история, население, флаг, карта и данные
- City symbols | Chelyabinsk City Administration
- Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk oblast Postal / ZIP Codes
- Chelyabinsk International Airport
- Countries » Russia » Largest Cities